Friday, December 5, 2014

Post #21-Table Of Contents:
Post #1-This is How "Things as They Really Are" Really is
Post #2-Science-Oriented Observation I
Post #3-Families Bound by Stories
Post #4-Science-Oriented Observation II
Post #5-Rhetorical Analysis Reflection
Post #6-Research Topic #1
Post #7-General Conference Review
Post #8-Research Paper Topic #2
Post #9-Elements 119 and 120?
Post #10-Rock Metamorphism and Life
Post #11-Research Paper Reflection
Post#12-Flerovium-289m=Ununtrium-288
Post #13-My Experience at College
Post #14-Personal Narrative
Post #15-My Google Profile Picture
Post #16-Parallels Between Nuclei Size and Living Life
Post #17-My Blog Background
Post #18-My Personal History
Post #19-My High School Research Paper
Post #20-Blog Reflection
Post #21-Table of Contents



Post #20-Blog Reflection

I had a blast writing this blog. For me, it has been the highlight of taking Writing 150, in addition to the personal narrative. Whenever I wanted to share some scientific information that I was excited about, I would post it on this blog. Some of my posts explain my blog design. Other posts of mine offer parallels to science and life. Still other posts are related to talks given by General Authorities.
I slowly learned to appreciate writing this blog. At the beginning of the semester, I was reluctant to begin writing a blog, because I associated blog-writing with the stereotype. In about October, I finally learned to appreciate writing this blog. Through my blog, I was able to vent my feelings on my experience writing the research paper, which felt like it had as much regulation as the 800-page Obamacare bill that was shoved through Congress. See, right now I am using my blog to vent. My blog has been a great outlet for some of my feelings about life and science as well.
When I told my brother that I had a blog for my writing class. he said in his text: "You should put ads on the blog". I have yet to take up his advice.

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Post #19-My High School Research Paper

This is my research paper about the spontaneous fission of even-mass rutherfordium and seaborgium isotopes that I wrote for my AP English Literature class in senior year. This got a low B-, because the topic wasn't "debatable". He wrote a comment on my paper that I got a higher score than I deserved, but he acknowledged the good academic-style writing of it. Other students in my class discussed ethical issues and  other controversial topics, and some got high A grades. I have always been curious about why the specific isotopes of rutherfordium and seaborgium had such short spontaneous fission half-lives ever since I compiled my first isotope catalog, and so I took advantage of this opportunity to research the origin of the short half-lives. I really wish I could have researched the stabilizing effect of odd amounts of neutrons and/or protons in superheavy nuclei, but I had three other AP classes and I worked 25 hours a week at this point in my life. Here's the paper I wrote, including MLA citations:

Nate Kloepfer
Mr. Andrus
AP English Lit
4 April 2014
Rapid Spontaneous Fission of Even-Even Rutherfordium and Seaborgium Isotopes
        Looking at a sequential list of isotopes of the elements rutherfordium and seaborgium, it is hard for one not to notice the short half-lives of the isotopes with even amounts of neutrons and protons. For example, the half-life of even-even rutherfordium-258 is 0.012 seconds, as compared to the half-lives of rutherfordium-257 and -259, are 4.7 seconds and 2.8 seconds, respectively (“Isotopes of Rutherfordium” 1). The origin of the short half-life of rutherfordium-258, and other light even-even isotopes of rutherfordium and seaborgium, is their rapid spontaneous fission. The even-even isotopes of rutherfordium and seaborgium have comparably short fission half-lives because of incomplete nucleon shell effects of the two elements, the destabilizing nature of unpaired nucleons, and the smaller fission barriers that come with added protons.
        One of the origins of the short spontaneous fission half-lives of rutherfordium and seaborgium is the incomplete nucleonic shells that these nuclei have. As a general rule, nuclei with complete nuclear shells are stabilized more against spontaneous fission than comparable nuclei with incomplete nuclear shells (Somerville 8). The dominant nuclear subshells in the rutherfordium-seaborgium region of nuclear map are neutron numbers N=152 and N=162, and proton numbers Z=100, Z=102, and Z=108 (“Study of Fission Barriers” 1). The listed stabilized proton numbers do not include Z=104 (rutherfordium) or Z=106 (seaborgium), suggesting that Z=104,106 proton number is an incomplete nuclear subshell that destabilizes the nuclei against fission.
        The absence of unpaired nucleons in the even-even isotopes of rutherfordium and seaborgium contributes to their comparably short spontaneous fission half-lives. The presence of an odd amount of protons or neutrons increase the fission half-lives by at least one order of magnitude, and the fission half-lives of odd-odd nuclei increase by up to 8 orders of magnitude (“Exploring the Island” 1). The reason behind the enhanced stability of nuclei with odd amounts of nucleons is due to nuclear pairing effects. The absence of unpaired nucleons in even-even isotopes results in more rapid spontaneous fission ("The New Isotope 270110"). Like splitting wood with the grain, paired nucleons in the even-even isotopes of rutherfordium and seaborgium cause them to fission easily.
        The primary reason why the even-even isotopes of rutherfordium and seaborgium have short spontaneous fission half-lives is the presence of smaller fission barriers. To calculate the fission barriers, nuclear binding energy is graphed as a function of deformation (“Study of Fission Barriers” 2). The results of plotting the fission barriers for even-even superheavy nuclei suggest an overall lowering of both fission barriers as the proton number increases from Z=100 to Z=110 (“Study of Fission Barriers” 4). A lower fission barrier means less resistance to fission, and thus shorter half-lives. The collapse of the outer, more deformed fission barrier in the isotopes of rutherfordium destabilize the nuclei to spontaneous fission. The second fission barrier is nonexistant for seaborgium isotopes and heavier (Hulet 13). The second fission barrier is important to the stability of superheavy nuclei, because it means that the nucleus must undergo a greater deformation to fission. If a proton-rich nucleus lacks a second fission barrier, the Coloumb force overwhelms the Strong nuclear force much more easily, and the nucleus fissions. Thus the rapid fission of rutherfordium and seaborgium.
        The factors of incomplete subshells, small fission barriers, and the absence of unpaired nucleons all work together to make the even-even isotopes of rutherfordium and seaborgium very unstable to spontaneous fission. The proton subshells of Z=102 and Z=108 mostly confine the fissioning nuclides to Z=104 (rutherfordium) and Z=106 (seaborgium), while the decreasing fission barriers of the increasingly proton-rich nuclei further shortens the half-lives. The instability is confined to the even-even isotopes of rutherfordium and seaborgium, because of the absence of unpaired nucleons. Thus the nuclei rutherfordium-254, 256, 258, 260, 262, and seaborgium-258, 260, 262, 264, and 266 all have dominant fission decay modes with short half-lives.
Works Cited
Hulet, E. K. "SciTech Connect:." SciTech Connect:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
n.d. Web.
Hofmann, Sigurd, F. Heßberger, and et al. "The new isotope 270110 and its decay products
266Hs and 262Sg."link.springer.com. The European Physical Journal A - Hadrons and Nuclei, n.d. Web. 18 Mar 2014. <link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10050017013>.
Hofmann, Sigurd. "Viewpoint: Exploring the island of superheavy elements." physics.aps.org.
N.p., 09 Apr 2010. Web. 18 Mar 2014. <http://physics.aps.org/articles/v3/31?referer=apshome>.
"Isotopes of Rutherfordium." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Mar. 2014. Web.
Staszczak, A., J. Dobaczewski, and W. Nazarewicz. "Self-Consistent Study of Fission Barriers of
Even-Even Superheavy Nuclei." phys.utk.edu. PDF. N.p.: n.p., 2008.
Somerville, Lawrence P. "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. "Observation of New

Spontaneous Fission Activities From Elements 100 To 105 [eScholarship]. N.p., 07 July 2010. Web.
Post #18-My Personal History

Over the last month and a half, I have been working on my personal history. The way I formatted my personal history was by placing it on a Calc (a free LibreOffice version of Excel) spreadsheet and assigning different pages of the spreadsheet different years of my life. Each page consists of list of chronologically-ordered dates. For example, my 2000-2002 page on the spreadsheet starts in Spring 2000 and ends in Fall of 2002. The very first page is an introduction to aid navigation through my history. This first page also contains two disclaimers. The first one is that my history is subject to revision because I remember other important evenets in my past and record them after the initial compilation, and I will eventually add current events once I arrive in the present. The second disclaimer is that my history contains some pretty strong commentary and rebukes against certain aspects of my past.
We have all heard the adage "The best time to plant a tree was twenty years ago. The second best time to plant a tree is right now". I have used the principle behind this adage by writing my personal history. I look back to my life at Spokane Valley, Washington, when I was seven to ten years old, with much fondness due to the quaint old bungalow my family lived in and the adventurous half-acre yard that we had. I wish I had kept a journal when I was eight years old of those great events at that house, but I can still record that past in my history today, because if I try to do so in the future I will forget that past even more.
Writing this personal history of mine has been a very awarding task to me. In one way it is rewarding is that as I write through certain times of my life, I feel a vestige of the aura of that time. For example, as I was writing about the end of my senior year and the high school graduation, I felt semi-forgotten feelings of hopelessness (with my computer drawings for architecture), triumph (when I karaoke-sang the Linkin Park song "In the End" at my senior all-night party), and relief (when I get an A in my architecture class after the ordeal with the drawings).
Another way that me writing my personal history has been rewarding is that the trends of the time period I write in bring back semi-forgotten memories of other landmark events in my life at the time. In other words, me writing down my past helps me to remember more of it. The result is a fairly thorough summary of my past.
Post #17-My Blog Background

You may ask: Why did Nate Kloepfer choose to have a blocky background for his blog? I chose a blocky background for two reasons: to remind me of my nuclide charts which consist of integer numbers of protons and neutrons plotted against each other to display the known nuclides and their decay properties, and to remind me of one of my favorite video games, MInecraft, which consists of a world of specific "blocks".
There can only be integer amounts of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. A proton cannot be divided into thousands of smaller versions of itself: it is composed of only three elementary subatomic particles which are two up quarks and one down quark bound by virtual pions carrying the strong nuclear force. Neutrons also cannot be divided into smaller versions of themselves because they are also composed of three elementary subatomic particles: two down quarks and one up quark, with virtual pions and gluons holding them all together constituting the nuclear strong force. Protons and neutrons are part of a larger family of subatomic particles called "baryons" (bary- means "heavy") that consists of many heavier, very unstable baryons. The most stable baryon after the proton and neutron is the lambda baryon, which is the third least massive of all the baryons. It is composed of one up quark, one down quark, and one strange quark. The strange quark is unstable because its decay to an less massive up quark is exothermic, and the lambda baryon therefore decays by emitting a negative weak boson that splits into an anti-up quark and a down quark with a lifetime of a seventh of a nanosecond. The most massive possible baryon is the triple bottom omega baryon, with three bottom quarks, but it has not been observed in any experiments. I predict its mass to be around 15x the mass of a proton, or about the mass of a nitrogen atom. Its predicted lifetime is relatively long compared to other baryons, about 500 femtoseconds, because its bottom quarks can only decay via a negative weak boson to charm quarks or less frequently, up quarks. Top quarks do not form hadrons (this includes baryons) because the Standard Model of Particle Physics predicts its lifetime to be 5E-25 seconds, or about a trillion times shorter than the triple bottom omega's predicted lifetime. This lifetime of 5E-25 seconds is too short for the top quark to interact via the strong force to form any hadron (composite particle composed of quarks). The top quark's very short lifetime is due to its high mass (approximately the mass of a rhenium atom or about 186x heavier than a proton) and the presence of its third-generation cousin, the bottom quark, makes it so that its weak decay is very easy, for intra-generational decays are more rapid than inter-generational decays between quarks.

Tuesday, December 2, 2014

Post #16-Parallels Between Nuclei Size and Living Life

There are two types of nuclei in the world: those that are light enough to liberate energy when fused, and those that are heavy enough to liberate energy when they fission. A dramatic example heavy nuclei disintegrating is the decay chain of the heaviest isotope: ununoctium-294. Once this atom is implanted in californium-249 by fusion with calcium-48, it ejects 2-3 alpha particles and 2 fission fragments within a second. The less massive heavier elements like uranium disintegrate at much slower rates. For uranium-238, it takes almost 4.5 billion years for half of a given sample to decay by alpha emission. The lightest nuclei, hydrogen and helium, are always the first to be "burned", or fused in the core of the star because they liberate more energy. The fusion of successively heavier nuclei (carbon, oxygen, neon, silicon, etc) liberates less energy per fusion until the maxima is reached, which is iron-56.
There are also two types of people in this world: those that have overscheduled themselves to the point of death, and those that have underscheduled themselves to a point where they are missing out on major opportunities. There exists an optimal point of scheduling: prioritizing. With prioiritizing, one can take advantage of major opportunities without becoming burned out. With prioritizing, one is able to cut out the waste and excess in their lives to conserve resources. Much like all nuclei will eventually decay to iron-56, releasing all possible energy, everyone should prioritize all of their opportunities in life to release the most potential.
Post #15-My Google Profile Picture

My profile picture may seem odd to others. Other profile pictures I've observed have been actual pictures of their respective owners, cartoon characters, or default dark blue guy against a light blue background. My profile picture is the flame from a burning pop bottle cap full of hand sanitizer.
Why would I ignite a bottle cap full of hand sanitizer? My original intention was to catalyze the oxidation of hand sanitizer to aldehydes via my newly acquired platinum wire I got for my element collection. It was a warm August day in 2013, and I was reading about an experiment in John Emsley's book Nature's Building Blocks that entailed holding a platinum wire in methanol and watching the wire glow red as the methanol was oxidized to formaldehyde. I wanted to see a glowing hot wire, and so with nothing else better to do I filled a pop bottle cap full of hand sanitizer and brought it outside and stuck the platinum wire inside.
Expecting gas bubbles, heat, and steam to emanate off of the hand sanitizer, I was very disappointed to find that nothing happened when I stuck the platinum wire inside. I felt a little let down when Eureka! I realized that hand sanitizer was composed of ethyl alcohol, which is flammable. I realized that I could redeem my failed experiment by igniting the hand sanitizer and watching it burn.
I borrowed a stove lighter from my garage, brought the bottle cap full of hand sanitizer outside, and ignited it. The flame burned cold and almost invisible at first. I wanted to get a good picture of it, so I carried this little lamp into the garage and closed the door and took the picture that is now my profile picture. After a few minutes of burning, I realized that the hot alcohol flame was melting the cap plastic and that the burning hand sanitizer would escape the confines of the cap. I ran into the kitchen, got a glass of water, and doused the hot flame. The water sizzled as the flame was quenched. The plastic bottle cap, once a rigid, moderately hard translucent cap, was now an opaque rubbery useless blob.
I asked my parents if I could repeat the experiment, but they said no. Later that afternoon as they were leaving for some activity, I asked again if I could do the experiment. They said, "Definitely not."
I have always been intrigued by fire. When I was nine years old my family went out and had a campfire in our filled-in swimming pool. When I was twelve, I went with my deacon's quorum to camp out by Utah Lake by a small tumble-down playhouse called "The Wikieup". After we built the campfire over an ant hill, my scout leader threw an old lighter into the campfire. We waited with awe until fwoosh!, the lighter released a small mushroom cloud of fire. With the backdrop of a previously torched car, we scavenged around for wood, couch cushions, and christmas lights to add to the fire. The christmas lights had a hard time burning. The next morning, after this same scout leader was done cooking pancakes, he set the plastic bull with pancake batter at the bottom on top of the fire. We watched as the pancake cooked in the bottom of melting plastic bowl. We finally got to put a couch cushion on the fire, and we watched it slowly melt away. After a campout that summer, I gained a reputation in the Vineyard First Ward of a "pyro".

Friday, November 21, 2014

Post #14-Personal Narrative
A Strategic Advantage in All But the Buddy System
            I was perched on top of a dirt hill, unsure of what to do next. My fellow ward member, Aaronic Priesthood holder, and buddy, Brandon Anderson, was down the hill from me. A horde of angry boys from the other troop were trying to find us to give us a piece of their mind. I had earlier suggested to Brandon that we make our way down the hill to our camp farther north, but as he made his way down the hill, I saw the cluster of angry flashlight beams advancing across the sparse desert vegetation towards us. I scampered back up the hill, fearing the probable swear words that would be thrust at me and Brandon once this angry troop found us. However, Brandon was still down the hill from me, and too far away to quickly escape. I called to him, “Brandon, I'm going to head back to camp. I'll come back.”
            As I left, I felt a pang of guilt for ditching my buddy, Brandon. But in the light of the situation, I didn't want to be chewed out by a bunch of lunatics that accused my troop of “throwing rocks” at their tents. I looked down at their camp, nestled in between two dirt slopes that sent small avalanches of dirt down towards the tents whenever someone walked up or down the slopes. The avalanches probably caused the other troop to believe that we were actually pelting rocks at their tents. I thought, What were they thinking, pitching their tents in such a valley? Earlier, Brandon and I decided to “slide” down to their camp, sending small avalanches of dirt towards their camp. Other members of my troop had been throwing glow-sticks across the area, possibly hitting their tents, but they weren't chucking rocks everywhere.
            I walked towards the eastern mountain, away from the other troop's camp, away from their angry flashlights, and away from the route between their camp and their angry crowd. The moon was rising slowly over the eastern hills that I was walking towards, casting a beautiful pale light over the desert landscape north of Goblin Valley State Park. I felt a sense of peace moving away from the angry turbulence that existed behind me, but I also felt a growing sense of apprehension. What if the other troop finds me and chews me out? I thought.
            I slid my way down into a little wash in between the hill I was on and the main mountain, relieved that the area was deserted. I sneaked past the dark trailer where an older couple was asleep, and stole my way to camp without the detection of the other troop. But as I neared camp, I was worried about the Scoutmaster's potential reaction to Brandon's absence.
            My fear was confirmed when Brother Meyer, the Scoutmaster, asked me, “Nate, where's Brandon?”
            Worried about the reprieve that I would receive, I timidly said, “Over on that hill over there,” pointing to the hill that I came from, hanging my head with shame. At the time, I was a priest in the Aaronic Priesthood, and I was invited on this campout, along with other older boys, to act as leaders for the deacons. I realized that I had not only been a poor leader, but also a poor Boy Scout in disobeying the Buddy System.
            “Why did you leave Brandon over there?” Brother Meyer asked.
            “It was a strategic advantage,” I said, wanting to provide the truth in a concise way.
            “How was leaving Brandon a 'strategic advantage?'” Brother Meyer asked, curious as to what strategy would justify me ditching my buddy.
            “I left Brandon because we were on top of the hill, Brandon being farther down than me. I realized that Brandon wouldn't be able to come to the top of the hill in time before the other troop came and found us, so I told him that I would leave and I left. The other troop was mad because they accused us of throwing rocks at their tents,” I explained.
            “Okay, well we'll go and find Brandon,” said Brother Meyer.
            As soon as we turned around to look towards the hill, the scout leaders from the other troop arrived and discussed with our leaders about what happened. The other boys from my troop came back with Brandon. After sulking in my tent for a couple of minutes, I went out by the central part of our camp to talk to Brandon about his adventure after my departure.
            “Did they swear at you?” I asked Brandon.
            “Yes,” said Brandon, “It was horrible.”
            “That really stinks,” I said, “I am sorry that I ditched you back there on the hill.”
            “It's okay,” said Brandon, “It wasn't too bad.”
            I went into my tent that night very disappointed that I was a bad example to a younger Boy Scout and that I lost the confidence that Brother Meyer had in me. I was determined to do better in the future.
            The next morning dawned clear but cold. We ate breakfast and headed over to Little Wild Horse Canyon, an eight-mile hike featuring two slot canyons. As we hiked down the second slot canyon back towards the parking lot, Brandon wanted to go ahead of the rest of the group. Wishing to redeem myself of my embarrassing mistake the previous night, I went with him, partly because I wanted to go ahead as well.
            After me and Brandon finished the hike, and after everyone else caught up to us, Brother Meyer said to me “Thank you for staying with Brandon on the hike.”
            “You're welcome,” I said, grateful that I had partially made up for my mistake the previous night.
            Six months later, I went with the deacons on a campout to Little Sahara Recreation Area. It was a cold, peaceful, moonlit night on the sand dunes, and I ran down the steep sand slope, unaware of that my flashlight/laser fell out of my pocket and rolled down the dune. As I was walking with my buddy, I realized that my awesome flashlight was absent.
            “Hey Chris, I think I lost my flashlight back at the dunes. Could you go with me to find it?” I asked, hopeful that Chris would say yes.
            “It's gone,” Chris said.
            “I bet I know where it is,” I said.
            “It's probably gone,” Chris repeated.
            “Can you please come with me? I'll grab a flashlight at camp and I'll look for it.” I said.
            “Okay,” Chris agreed.
            After I grabbed my 6-cell flashlight out of my tent, we went out to the dunes to reclaim my lost flashlight. I was relieved when I found it at the base of the steep dune I ran down.
            “Thank you for going with me, Chris,” I said as we walked back to camp.

Friday, November 14, 2014

Post #13-My Experience at College

My experience at Brigham Young University has been a good one. I am taking the classes Writing 150, Physics 127, Geology 111, Religion A 121, and Economics 110. The homework load is fairly manageable after cutting out the less necessary ungraded assigned readings. I've been getting As in my Book of Morrmon class, my Geology class, and my Astronomy class. I even aced a midterm for Geology!
My experience at my dorm is probably the hallmark of my good experience at Brigham Young University. I am on the third floor of Heritage Halls Building 30, and my windows overlook Y Mountain and eastward. The view is great from here. My grandparents have been sending me "care packages" that contain candy, snack food, and other goods. I appreciate all of the support that I've received over the last two and a half months from my family members.
The other reason why my dorm experience has been superb is because of my music. I love to go back to my room and blast out Pink Floyd, Rush, and Linkin Park. It usually increases my good mood. I have also bought several Pink Floyd albums since I have come here, because I live away from my parents and I don't really have legal access to their music anymore. Some of my favorite songs to listen to are  Pink Floyd "Echoes", "Free Four", "Eclipse", "Time", "Have a Cigar", "Hey You", "Learning to Fly", "The  Dogs of War", "Terminal Frost", "Sorrow", Linkin Park "Until it's Gone", and Rush "The Main Monkey Business".

Monday, November 3, 2014

Post #12-Flerovium-289m=Ununtrium-288

Do any if you remember when element 114 was first synthesized, the assigned isotope 289 decayed with a 9.71 MeV alpha particle with a lifetime of 30.4 seconds, then its daughter decayed with an 8.67 MeV alpha particle with a lifetime of 15.4 minutes and so on? This decay chain seemed to be confirmed by https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/302186.pdf where the parent alpha decay was missed in the 248Cm+48Ca reaction, but nuclei with very similar decay properties were observed after this. The terminal spontaneous fission energies of both chains was 172 MeV and 174.43 MeV, with lifetimes of 16.5 minutes and 24.4 minutes, respectively. These are the same decay chain, but what is the exact identity of these nuclides? Many assign these decay chains to isomers of flerovium-289 and its decay daughters because subsequent experiments have observed a 2.6-second half-life for flerovium(element 114)-289, which is much shorter than the calculated half-life for the "flerovium-289m" of 1.1 minutes. However, I am skeptical that the decay chain of 2.6-second 289Fl has a parallel decay chain that does not interact with the main decay chain at all. I believe that the longer-lived decay chain belongs to ununtrium-288 and its daughters because alpha decay half-life trends of lighter isotopes of ununtrium, roentgenium, and meitnerium correlate very well with the observed half-lives. Also, my assignment of "hassium-277m" is bohrium-276, which falls in the fission corridor between neutron numbers 168 and 170 with 169 neutrons. The half-life of neighboring hassium-277 (ground state decay product of 2.6-second flerovium-289) is around 11 milliseconds, and an odd-proton hindrance factor and a lower proton number could produce the calculated half-life of 13.4 minutes for "hassium-277m" or bohrium-276. This decay chain from ununtrium-288 to bohrium-276 was observed from the single-proton and triple-neutron evaporation channel of both 244Pu+48Ca and 248Cm+48Ca.
The one argument that could disprove all of this is the expected yield from the single-proton, triple-neutron evaporation channels of 244Pu+48Ca and 248Cm+48Ca, which could be predicted to be very low compared to the standard neutron emission channels always observed. However, hybrid proton and neutron emission channels have been observed in more asymmetric hot fusion reactions, such as 248Cm(18O,p3n)262Lr and 249Cf(12C,p2n)258Lr, so such an evaporation channel is not impossible.

The possibilities of producing ununtrium-288 and its decay daughters would greatly contribute to the study of the Island of Stability. Ununtrium-288, being an odd-odd nucleus with a sufficiently long alpha half-life, could have a high branching ratio for positron emission, leading to copernicium-288, a long-lived fissioning nuclide. Roentgenium-284, the daughter of ununtrium-288, would also have a large positron emission branch to decay to a short-lived fissioning nuclide darmstadtium-284. If the 244Pu+48Ca and 248Cm+48Ca reactions are performed the same way that the decay chain was discovered previously, new neutron rich superheavy nuclides may be discovered.

Friday, October 31, 2014

Post #11-Research Paper Reflection:
            Writing this research paper has been an extremely difficult task for me, ranking with other difficult tasks that I have undertaken like completing my six-day eagle scout project, earning the swimming merit badge (I wasn't very buoyant), and completing my drawings for architectural design at the end of high school. The process of me writing this paper has taught me what not to do when I need to write a paper. Don't switch topics at the beginning of the last week to write. Don't choose a topic you don't really care about. Don't have thirty distractions around when you work. And finally, don't procrastinate.
            I chose the topic of the Kulturkampf  because it seemed to be related to my great-great-grandfather getting baptized in the night to avoid being found by the government. I also chose this topic to conform with the class theme of family stories. I wanted to do a research paper on the varying degrees of the stability of the isotopes of superheavy elements, but the only way that relates to my family story in any way is 1) my Grandpa Braun used to work with the air force and he might have dealt with nuclear warheads, and 2) my recent past where I have been interested in this worthy subject. Therefore, the superheavy element topic would have not satisfied the requirement and even the best paper about the varying beta decay, alpha decay, and spontaneous fission half-lives would have gotten me a meager score.
            On Thursday I looked up the lyrics to and listened to the song “How It Is” by Rush. One part is:
“It's such a cloudy day
Seems we'll never see the sun
Or feel the day has possibilities
Frozen in the moment . . .
The lack of imagination
Between how it is and how it ought to be”
I felt that these lyrics adequately described how I felt.
            On Thursday I also thought of the scripture Ether 12:27:
And if men come unto me I will show unto them their weakness. I give unto men weakness that they may be humble; and my grace is sufficient for all men that humble themselves before me; for if they humble themselves before me, and have faith in me, then will I make weak things become strong unto them.”

I thought this scripture was very applicable to my life right now. Tough trials in my life keep me off of my pedestal of perfect test scores and life achievements. Also if I have faith in the Lord, then he will strengthen my weaknesses.

Friday, October 24, 2014

Post #10-Rock Metamorphism and Life

When a rock is subjected to intense heat and pressure, it transforms into a metamorphic rock. Increasing intensities of metamorphism (metamorphic grade) may render a rock such as shale entirely unrecognizable. Different combinations of heat and pressure produce different facies of metamorphic rock. Zeolite-grade metamorphism includes the lowest heat and pressure. Granulite-grade metamorphism includes the highest heat and pressure and is the last refuge before partial melting of the rock.
When a small innocent piece of sediment falls to the ocean floor, it doesn't expect anything more than the calm deep ocean surrounding it. But as this piece of sediment nears the oceanic trench, it begins to anticipate the probable inferno of heat and pressure. Once this piece of sediment hits the trench, it is rammed against the accretionary wedge of the volcanic arc and is subjected to a low-temperature, high-pressure metamorphism. If this piece of oceanic sediment rides out the subducting plate, the temperature increases along with pressure. This piece of sediment is squeezed with many others into a crystalline, foliated rock called schist. If the piece of sediment survives is still in a recognizable form, it may melt along the subducting plate and eventually emerge as part of an andesite in a volcanic eruption. If this sediment survives all of these scenarios, it is eventually plunged deep into the hot, dense mantle to assimilate into oblivion.
When we are all plopped onto the conveyor belt of life, initially we are at peace because of the relative inaction of our surroundings. As we ride out the conveyor belt, we begin to see dangers to our peace coming. However, we are powerless to slow down or stop this conveyor belt, so we are dragged to our anticipated nightmares. Once we enter the phase that we have all feared, we are subject to a maelstrom of fear and regret. After the phases are over, we say, "Heck, I'm glad I got that over with," after we wipe the seventy gallons of perspiration off of our foreheads.

Friday, October 17, 2014

Post #9-Elements 119 and 120?

The article "Superheavy Element Research at TASCA at GSI" hints that the reactions to discover element 119 and 120, 249Bk+50Ti and 249Cf+50Ti, respectively, were successful. Unfortunately, the data is still being processed. I will be on the lookout for the published results in these reactions at the GSI. I will let everyone know on here when these elements are discovered, and the properties of their isotopes.
Post #8-Research Paper Topic #2

My more recent topic is if low-yield nuclear weapons should be banned or not. A ban on low-yield nuclear weapons would draw a stark contrast on nuclear weapon yield versus conventional weapon yields and would hopefully prevent nuclear escalation. However, this treaty would be impossible to enforce with such countries like Iran, Pakistan, China, and especially North Korea. These countries have repeatedly lost their trust of Western nations through blatant disobedience or undercover operations that threaten the stability of global relations. I currently do not have a thesis for this topic because I am unsure of what I should write about. I find that I dislike this topic too much for me to have adequate motivation to pursue such a topic.
My previous topic on the ethics of using nuclear weapon fallout-enhancers had very scant research online, and so the marginal cost of attempting such a research project (the risk of a low grade) outweighed any marginal benefit. Hence I switched topics.
I propose to switch my topic to the reasons behind the varying degrees of stability of the isotopes of super-heavy elements, but I fear that this topic lacks arguments. This topic has the advantages of that I would be doing it for more than a grade because it is one of my primary interests. I would refer again and again to a paper on this topic, instead of having the paper be a symbol of bad memories and me never looking at it again. Do any of you think that the reasons behind the varying stability of the isotopes of super-heavy elements is a good research topic?

Friday, October 10, 2014

Post #7-General Conference Review

The talk that struck me the most in the last general conference was Elder Cook's talk "Choose Wisely" in the Priesthood Session. Elder Cook uses imagery and examples to establish his stance on agency that choices are very important.
Elder Cook uses imagery to stress the importance of choosing wisely. "Sometimes it feels like we are drowning in frivolous foolishness, nonsensical noise, and continuous contention"(16). Elder Cook uses 'drowning' to describe the prevalence of foolishness, contention, and noise in that these have a potential to spiritually suffocate us if we make poor choices, much like water suffocates a drowning individual. Another literary device that Elder Cook uses in his statement quoted above is the same letters at the beginning of each word in each adjective-noun combination. He uses this literary device to magnify the wrong in the traits of foolishness, noise, and contention.
Elder Cook also discusses an interview he had with a certain young man. Elder Cook was impressed with this young man's goals to go on a mission and attend the temple, but Elder Cook was unimpressed with the conduct of this certain young man and how it contradicted his worthy goals. Elder Cook uses this example of somebody who isn't focused on worthy goals as an example to tell young men to prepare to be "emissaries of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ"(11).

Friday, October 3, 2014

Post #6-Research Topic #1

I thought of a very good topic to cover on my research paper over the last couple of days. I wanted to do something that I was interested in, yet have the topic be debatable and understandable. I wrote a "research paper" in my senior year of high school that was about a topic that I was interested in, but it wasn't debatable and it was fairly technical. After that prideful mistake I made in AP English last spring, I am determined to find a debatable, understandable topic that I am interested in.
My topic is going to be the ethics of using "salting agents" in nuclear weapons. A "salting agent" is a nuclide in the heart of a nuclear weapon that is designed to become very radioactive upon aborption of neutrons. Salting agents are deliberately added to nuclear weapons to increase the radioactivity of the fallout. The question is is it really necessary to increase the radioactivity of the fallout after the blast?



Comments:
That sounds like a very interesting topic! I've always liked blowing things up and learning how different things react. It might not be a good idea for me to read your paper... but I'd love to read it anyway! Good luck on the research! I guess as a suggestion I'd say look at all the points of view on nuclear fallout and what people determine is ethically correct.

-Charles


Sunday, September 28, 2014

Post #5-Rhetorical Analysis Reflection:

The reason why I chose to write a rhetorical analysis on James Garfield's Inaugural Address was because I read a book called "Destiny of the Republic" about him over my summer vacation. Garfield was a representative and a Civil War general from Ohio. He was a very jolly and studious man, who excelled in college and as a general. He went to the 1880 Republican Convention to give a nominating speech for  John Sherman, but after a voting deadlock, he was nominated as a compromise candidate. The two factions in the Republican Party, the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds, viewed him as a compromise candidate. After gaining a slim margin of the popular vote and a fair margin of the electoral vote, James Garfield became the twentieth President of the United States. However, a delusional office-seeker, Charles Guiteau, shot Garfield at a train station in Washington, D.C. in the back and the arm. Garfield spent the next two months suffering on a bed as he lost a third of his body weight and as doctors introduced infection by probing the would. President Garfield died in September 1881, just six months after his inauguration. President Garfield stood up against the entrenched political philosophy of the spoils system (where those who helped a president get elected got desirable government jobs) by sponsoring civil service reform. He was also viewed as a unifier of North and South, and both sections mourned his loss dramatically.
Writing this rhetorical analysis has been somewhat hard for me. The most difficult task was summoning up the will power to sit down at my desk and work on the paper, and then staying on task while I was working. While I was writing the rough draft, I prayed to my Father in Heaven to help me to stay focused and to write well, and he blessed me to do those things while I wrote.

Friday, September 12, 2014

Post #4-Science-Oriented Observation II

There are two types of isomers: spin isomers and fission isomers. Spin isomers are the ones I talked about in my previous Science-Oriented Observation where a ground state can be given extra energy and spin and can become more stable through higher-spin and lower-energy gamma emissions. However, fission isomers are nuclei that are the deformed into a prolate or oblate shape, and have extra energy as well. For exampe, the reaction 235U+n=fission products+2n has an intermediary fission isomer of 236U called 236fU. When 235U absorbes a neutron, it usually deformes and fissions almost immediately. Fission isomers may also be observed in nuclear fusion reactions. In the 208Pb(48Ca,2n)254No (lead-208+calcium-48=nobelium-254+2 neutrons) reaction, the americium-244 fission isomer can be formed through the transfer of nucleons from the calcium to the lead. Therefore, the fission of americium-244f is also observed with the 0.31% spontaneous fission branching ratio of 254No.
Post #3-Families Bound by Stories

The New York Times is known to be a pretty left-leaning newspaper, so it came as a bit of a surprise when I saw a pro-family article entitled: "The Stories that Bind Us". The premise of this article was to offer some ways of strengthening families to wondering parents. The main point in this article that I noticed was families with their stories of their past tend to be stronger and more cohesive. It is possible that families with their stories known have past examples to live up to. I remember when my family went on a night walk in the park, my dad told stories about his former pets in his adolescent and teenage years. The stories entailed my dad being excited about getting a certain pet, and unfortunate mistakes that were made in the pet's care. I felt a stronger sense of pride and familial unity after I heard these stories. My grandpa once told me about his college experience in how he once used a typewriter to type a paper for his English class. However, the typewriter had shifted over by 1 key, so his paper turned into gibberish. This story, in a way, can give me strength to succeed in English class due to its humor and my similar, less bad experiences. My family also has a set of traditions, such as stopping to eat at Farr West, Utah, watching "A Christmas Carol" around Christmas, or going to vacation to my grandparent's house on Camano Island, Washington.

Friday, September 5, 2014

Post #2-Science-Oriented Observation I

A long-lived nuclear isomer can only exist if its change of nuclear spin in its decay is high, and if its decay energy is low. Gamma and beta decay are suppressed by 4-5 orders of magnitude with every increase in spin and with a constant decay energy. A normal gamma emission half-life of an excited state is on the order of 1e-12 seconds (one trillionth of a second), but this can lengthen dramatically with integer changes of nuclear spin of more than one.
Post #1-This is How "Things as They Really Are" Really is

My favorite part of Elder Bednar's "Things as They Really Are" is when he says:"Our physical bodies make possible a breadth, a depth, and an intensity of experience that simply could not be obtained in our premortal estate." Having a physical body is part of the Plan of Salvation that we all agreed to before our present life on earth. It is also how we fulfill our ordinances. For those in the postmortal spirit world who did not perform their ordinances in their prior earthly life, we must step in and do proxy ordinances for them. After death, one does not have the same ability to progress that those who have bodies enjoy.